Parameter Name   Total Protein Test Type   Blood Normal Range   6.0 – 8.3 g/dL High Levels Indicate   Dehydration, chronic inflammation, infections like hepatitis or HIV, or certain cancers (e.g., multiple myeloma). Low Levels Indicate   Malnutrition, liver/kidney disease, malabsorption, or severe burns. Why It's Tested   Evaluates overall nutritional status, liver and kidney function, and immune disorders. Associated Symptoms (if abnormal)   Fatigue, swelling (edema), recurr

Parameter Name   Total Bilirubin Test Type   Blood Normal Range   0.3 – 1.2 mg/dL High Levels Indicate   Liver dysfunction, bile duct blockage, hemolysis, or Gilbert’s syndrome. Low Levels Indicate   Usually not concerning; occasionally seen with antioxidant supplementation. Why It's Tested   Evaluates liver's ability to process waste and excrete bile. Associated Symptoms (if abnormal)   Jaundice (yellowing of eyes/skin), dark urine, fatigue, abdominal pain What To Do If Abno

Parameter Name   Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Test Type   Blood Normal Range Men: 7 – 45 U/L Women: 5 – 30 U/L High Levels Indicate   Bile duct problems, alcohol use, fatty liver, or liver damage due to toxins or medications. Low Levels Indicate   Typically not clinically significant. Why It's Tested   To confirm liver or bile duct origin of elevated ALP and assess alcohol-related liver damage. Associated Symptoms (if abnormal)   Often asymptomatic; may present with fatig

Parameter Name   Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Test Type   Blood Normal Range   Adults: 44 – 147 IU/L  (Higher in children and pregnant women due to bone growth and placental activity) High Levels Indicate   Liver or bone disorders. Elevated in bile duct blockage, liver disease, bone growth or disease (e.g., Paget’s disease), and pregnancy. Low Levels Indicate   Rare but may suggest malnutrition, zinc deficiency, hypothyroidism, or genetic disorders. Why It's Tested   To evaluat

Parameter Name   Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST / SGOT) Test Type   Blood Normal Range Men: 10 – 40 U/L Women: 9 – 32 U/L  (May vary slightly by lab) High Levels Indicate   Liver cell injury, but also found in heart and muscle tissues. Elevated in hepatitis, muscle injury, heart attack, or strenuous exercise. Low Levels Indicate   Usually not clinically significant. May be seen in vitamin B6 deficiency. Why It's Tested   Assesses liver and muscle health. Often used alongside

Parameter Name   Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT / SGPT) Test Type   Blood Normal Range Men: 10 – 40 U/L Women: 7 – 35 U/L  (May vary slightly by lab) High Levels Indicate   Liver cell damage or inflammation — seen in hepatitis, fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver damage, or certain medications. Low Levels Indicate   Generally not concerning. Very low levels may occur in vitamin B6 deficiency, but are rarely clinically significant. Why It's Tested   To assess liver healt

Parameter Name   Post-Prandial Blood Glucose (PPBS) Test Type   Blood Normal Range Normal: < 140 mg/dL Prediabetes: 140–199 mg/dL Diabetes: ≥ 200 mg/dL High Levels Indicate   Impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Often related to high-carb meals or poor insulin sensitivity. Low Levels Indicate   Reactive hypoglycemia (rare), may occur after eating in individuals with insulin imbalance. Why It's Tested   Assesses how well the body manages glucose after meals. Important for d

Parameter Name   Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) Test Type   Blood Normal Range Normal: 70–99 mg/dL Prediabetes: 100–125 mg/dL Diabetes: ≥ 126 mg/dL High Levels Indicate   Prediabetes or diabetes. May also be temporarily elevated due to stress, illness, or medication. Low Levels Indicate   Hypoglycemia, can occur due to excess insulin, fasting, or certain health conditions. Why It's Tested   To screen for diabetes or hypoglycemia and monitor glucose control. Associated Symptoms (

Parameter Name   Hemoglobin A1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) Test Type   Blood Normal Range Normal: < 5.7% Prediabetes: 5.7 – 6.4% Diabetes: ≥ 6.5% High Levels Indicate   Poor long-term blood sugar control. Seen in diabetes, insulin resistance, or poorly managed lifestyle. Low Levels Indicate   Hypoglycemia, certain types of anemia, or overtreatment with insulin/medications. Why It's Tested   Measures average blood glucose over 2–3 months. Helps diagnose or monitor diabetes. Associa

Parameter Name   Non-HDL Cholesterol Test Type   Blood Normal Range   Optimal: < 130 mg/dL  High: ≥ 160 mg/dL High Levels Indicate   Presence of all harmful cholesterol particles (LDL, VLDL, IDL); linked with higher cardiovascular risk. Low Levels Indicate   Typically not concerning; may suggest low atherogenic lipoproteins. Why It's Tested   Better predictor of heart disease risk than LDL alone, especially when triglycerides are high. Associated Symptoms (if abnormal) Silent

1. Parameter Name   Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Men : 4.7 – 6.1 million cells/µL Women : 4.2 – 5.4 million cells/µL Children : 4.1 – 5.5 million cells/µL 4. High Levels Indicate   Known as erythrocytosis  or polycythemia , it may indicate dehydration, smoking, heart or lung disease, or a condition like polycythemia vera . 5. Low Levels Indicate   Called anemia , it may result from iron, B12, or folate deficiency, blood loss, chronic kidney

Parameter Name   Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin Test Type   Blood Normal Range   0.2 – 0.8 mg/dL High Levels Indicate   Hemolysis, Gilbert’s syndrome, neonatal jaundice, or liver's inability to process bilirubin. Low Levels Indicate   Not usually a concern. Why It's Tested   Helps differentiate types of jaundice and determine liver vs. red blood cell cause. Associated Symptoms (if abnormal)   Jaundice, fatigue, pale stools, dark urine What To Do If Abnormal   Compare with

Parameter Name   Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin Test Type   Blood Normal Range   0.0 – 0.3 mg/dL High Levels Indicate   Obstruction of bile ducts, cholestasis, hepatitis, or cirrhosis. Low Levels Indicate   Not typically clinically significant alone. Why It's Tested   To help determine type of jaundice and identify bile duct obstruction. Associated Symptoms (if abnormal)   Jaundice, pale stools, dark urine, itching What To Do If Abnormal   Assess with total and indirect biliru

1. Parameter Name   Hematocrit (HCT) 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Men: 40.7% – 50.3% Women: 36.1% – 44.3% Children: 32% – 44% 4. High Levels Indicate   May suggest dehydration, polycythemia vera, lung disease, or living at high altitude. It can lead to thicker blood, increasing risk of clotting or stroke. 5. Low Levels Indicate   May indicate anemia, blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, chronic kidney disease, or bone marrow suppression. 6. Why It's Tested   To asses

1. Parameter Name   Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Adults: 27 – 33 picograms (pg) per cell 4. High Levels Indicate   Macrocytic anemia — may result from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, liver disease, or hypothyroidism. Indicates RBCs are larger and carry more hemoglobin. 5. Low Levels Indicate   Microcytic anemia — commonly caused by iron deficiency or thalassemia. RBCs are smaller and carry less hemoglobin. 6. Why It's Tested   To he

1. Parameter Name   Neutrophils 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Absolute Count: 2,500 – 7,000 cells/µL Percentage: 40% – 60% of total WBCs 4. High Levels Indicate   Neutrophilia — often caused by bacterial infections, inflammation, stress, smoking, corticosteroids, or chronic myeloid leukemia. 5. Low Levels Indicate   Neutropenia — may result from viral infections, bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy, or severe infections. 6. Why It's Tested   To eva

1. Parameter Name   Lymphocytes 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Absolute count: 1,000 – 4,800 cells/µL Percentage: 20% – 40% of total WBCs 4. High Levels Indicate   Lymphocytosis — may be caused by viral infections (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis), chronic bacterial infections, certain cancers (like CLL), or autoimmune disorders. 5. Low Levels Indicate   Lymphocytopenia — often linked to HIV/AIDS, corticosteroid use, autoimmune diseases, bone marrow suppression, or chemo

1. Parameter Name   Monocytes 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Absolute Count: 200 – 800 cells/µL Percentage: 2% – 8% of total WBCs 4. High Levels Indicate   Monocytosis — may be due to chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis), inflammatory conditions (e.g., IBD), recovery from acute infections, or leukemia (e.g., monocytic leukemia). 5. Low Levels Indicate   Monocytopenia — can occur with bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, chemotherapy, or use of corticosteroids. 6

1. Parameter Name   Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Adults: 80 – 100 femtoliters (fL) 4. High Levels Indicate   Macrocytosis - may be caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, liver disease, alcohol use, hypothyroidism, or bone marrow disorders. 5. Low Levels Indicate   Microcytosis - often related to iron deficiency, thalassemia, or chronic disease. 6. Why It's Tested   To help classify the type of anemia and guide further diagnostic test

1. Parameter Name   Platelet Count (PLT) 2. Test Type   Blood 3. Normal Range Adults : 150,000 – 450,000 platelets/µL Children : Similar to adults (may vary slightly by lab) 4. High Levels Indicate   Known as thrombocytosis , it may be caused by infections, inflammation, cancer, iron-deficiency anemia, or post-splenectomy. 5. Low Levels Indicate   Called thrombocytopenia , it may result from dengue, leukemia, autoimmune diseases, viral infections, bone marrow disorders, or me